|
AUGUST
1998 • NUMBER 29 • ISSN 1353-0402
Appendix:
Balance of Power in the Aegean
Notes on the tables:
- European NATO averages are
derived from the European NATO countries, excluding Turkey and
Greece. For military holdings and defence expenditure figures,
Iceland and Luxembourg are also excluded, as their militaries
are respectively non-existent or so small that they are
insignificant to this study. These figures are rounded to the
nearest whole number.
- All cost figures are given in US
dollars.
- The notation "NA" is
used where figures were unavailable.
CONVENTIONAL
ARMED FORCES
Table 1.1: Greece, Turkey and
Cyprus
| |
Greece
|
Turkey
|
Cyprus
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Main
battle tanks (MBT) |
1,735
|
4,205
|
143
|
829
|
| Armoured
infantry fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers
(AIFV/APC) |
2,478
|
3,649
|
472
|
2081
|
| Artillery |
1,878
|
4,274
|
824
|
852
|
| Combat
ships |
15
|
21
|
0
|
18
|
| Submarines |
8
|
15
|
0
|
9
|
| Fighter
aircraft |
348
|
501
|
0
|
264
|
| Attack
helicopters |
39
|
51
|
0
|
125
|
Source: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance,
1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997.
Table 1.2: Greek Cyprus and
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
| |
Greek
Cyprus
|
TRNC
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Main
battle tanks (MBT) |
143
|
265
|
829.3
|
| Armoured
infantry fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers
(AIFV/APC) |
472
|
250
|
2081.1
|
| Artillery |
824
|
471
|
852.4
|
| Combat
ships |
0
|
0
|
18.1
|
| Submarines |
0
|
0
|
8.5
|
| Fighter
aircraft |
0
|
5
|
264.3
|
| Attack
helicopters |
-
|
3-4
|
124.5
|
Source: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance,
1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997.
MILITARY
PROCUREMENT
Table 2.1: Recent Procurement --
Greece
|
Weapon
system (Manufacturer)
|
Amount
|
Cost
|
Date
|
Supplying
Country
|
Notes
|
| F-16
fighter aircraft (Lockheed Martin) |
40
|
NA
|
1997
(delivered)
|
USA
|
First
part of a block of 50 ordered under Peace Xenia II
programme. |
| ATACMS
tactical missile system (Lockheed Martin) |
30
|
$31 million
|
July 1996
(contract)
|
USA
|
For
mounting on MLRS. |
| F-4
Phantom fighter aircraft (DASA) |
39
|
$270 million
|
July 1997
(contract)
|
Germany
|
Modernisation
programme. |
| MLRS
missile launchers |
9
|
$83.3
million
|
August 1997
(delivered)
|
USA
|
Contract
signed in 1995. |
| S-70B-6
Aegean Hawk helicopters (Sikorsky) |
6
|
NA
|
1997
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
| P-3B
and P-3A Orion maritime patrol aircraft |
8
|
NA
|
1997
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
| MEKO
200 Hydra Class frigate |
2
|
NA
|
December
1998
(scheduled delivery)
|
-
|
Domestic
production. |
| ATACMS
tactical missile system (Lockheed Martin-Loral Vaught) |
41
|
$60 million
|
July 1996
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
| CH-47D
Chinooks transport helicopter (Lockheed Martin-Loral
Vaught) |
7
|
$376 million
|
July 1998
(delivered)
|
USA
|
|
| AMRAAM
AIM-120B advanced medium range air-to-air missiles
(Hughes) |
90
|
$42 million
|
October 1997
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
HARPOON
missiles
(McDonnell-Douglas) |
20
|
$35 million
|
October 1997
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
M-60A1
tank
(General Dynamics) |
2
|
0
|
March 1998
(contract)
|
USA
|
Provided
through Excess Defence Article programme (EDA). |
| Anti-ship
missile command launch system (Boeing) |
2
|
0
|
March 1998
(contract)
|
USA
|
Provided
through Excess Defence Article programme (EDA). |
Sources: Jane’s
Defence Weekly, Turkish Daily News, Fedworld (US
Government website), Athens News, Federation of American
Scientists (FAS) database.
Table 2.2: Recent Procurement --
Turkey
|
Weapon
system
(Manufacturer)
|
Amount
|
Cost
|
Date
|
Supplying
Country
|
Notes
|
F-16C/D
fighter aircraft
(Lockheed Martin) |
80
|
NA
|
1996 to
October 1999
(delivery)
|
USA
|
Co-produced
by Turkey in ongoing ONYX II programme. |
| ATACMS
tactical missile system (Lockheed Martin - Loral Vaught) |
72
|
$48 million
|
June 1998
(delivered)
|
USA
|
First
of two contracts.
Army requires 120 ATACMS. |
| F-4E
aircraft (Israeli Aircraft Industry, IAI) |
54
|
$630 million
|
1997
(contract)
|
Israel
|
Modernisation
to "Phantom 2000" for US-made aircraft. |
| F-5
aircraft (Israeli Aircraft Industry, IAI) |
48
|
$75 million
|
1997
(contract)
|
Israel
|
Modernisation
programme for US-
made aircraft. |
Ihawk
missiles batteries
(Thomson CSF) |
8
|
NA
|
1997
(contract)
|
France
|
|
Sea
Hawk helicopters
(Sikorsky) |
4
|
$113 million
|
March 1998
(contract)
|
USA
|
|
| HK
5.56mm assault rifle production facility (Heckler &
Koch) |
-
|
(see note 9)
|
January 1998
(contract)
|
Germany
|
Joint
production. |
| AN/TPQ-36(V)9
Firefinder radar sets (Hughes) |
4
|
$26 million
|
NA
|
USA
|
|
| Mk82
500lb (227Kg) and Mk84 2000lb (907Kg) bombs (Romteknica) |
n.a.
|
$30 million
|
April 1998
(contract)
|
Romania
|
For
Turkish Air Force. |
| Early
Warning Systems (Davis Engineering, Danubian Aircraft) |
178
|
$10 million
|
April 1998
(contract)
|
Canada,
Hungary
|
Infrared-counter-
measures systems for US- and Russian-made Turkish Army
helicopters. |
| KC-135A
tanker aircraft |
7
|
$315 million
|
1997
(delivered)
|
USA
|
|
| ERYX
anti-tank missiles (Aerospatiale) |
n.a.
|
$441 million
|
April 1998
(contract)
|
France
|
Joint
production. |
Popeye
I missiles
(Rafael) |
100
|
$100 million
|
1997-1998
(delivery)
|
Israel
|
40
delivered in 1997,
60 in 1998. |
AB
412 helicopter
(Agusta-Bell) |
5
|
NA
|
2000
(scheduled delivery)
|
Italy
|
Coast
Guard
helicopters. |
CN-235
aircraft
(CASA) |
50
|
$700 million
|
1998
(delivery)
|
-
|
Domestic
production
on CASA concession. |
Preveze
class submarine
(Howaltdtswerke Deutsche Werft, HDW) |
4
|
$560 million
|
July 1998
(contract)
2003-6
(schedule delivery)
|
Germany
|
Co-production. |
| Rapier
missile upgrade (Matra-BAe Dynamics) |
800
|
$114.2 million
|
May 1999
(scheduled delivery)
|
France-UK
|
Upgrade
to B1X
standard. |
Sources: Turkish
Daily News, Jane’s Defence Weekly, Defense News,
Military Procurement International, Reuters, Financial
Times.
Table 2.3: Planned Acquisition
-- Greece’s Eight-Year, $24 Billion Programme
|
Weapon
System
|
Number
|
Cost
|
Notes
|
| Fighter
aircraft (competitors include: F-15E, F-16, EF2000, Rafale,
Su-30) |
30-40
|
$1.5-2
billion
|
Option
for an additional 20 to 30 aircraft. If a US contractor is
chosen, 30 percent of the contract may be funded through
the US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) programme. |
| Tanker
aircraft |
4
|
NA
|
|
| Airborne
early warning aircraft |
4
|
NA
|
Probably
E-2C Hawkeye 2000. |
| Surface-to-air
missile batteries |
NA
|
NA
|
Probably
Russian S-300 new evolution. |
| Submarines |
4
|
NA
|
Probably
UK Upholder class. |
| Osa
surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems |
8-10
|
NA
|
NATO
designation SA-8B. |
| Main
battle tanks |
250
|
NA
|
|
| Attack
helicopters |
NA
|
NA
|
|
| AGM-114KBF
Hellfire, AGM-11K1 missiles |
160, 88
|
$24 million
|
Supplier:
US. |
| Oak
Ridge/Knox class frigates |
1-2
|
NA
|
Supplier:
US |
| Kidd
class destroyers |
4
|
NA
|
Supplier:
US |
| Stinger
short-range air defence missiles, launchers |
1322, 188
|
$150 million
|
Supplier:
US |
Sources: Jane’s
Defence Weekly, Turkish Daily News, Arms Trade News,
Defense News.
Table 2.4: Planned Acquisition
-- Turkey’s Ten-Year, $31 Billion Programme
|
Weapon
System
|
Number
|
Cost
|
Notes
|
| Main
battle tanks |
1,000
|
$5 billion
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Attack
helicopters |
145
|
$3 billion
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Advanced
frigates |
3-5
|
$2.5 billion
|
Local
production of US Perry class frigates with foreign
partner. |
| Tracked
and wheeled armoured vehicles |
3,000
|
$2 billion
|
Domestic
procurement. |
| Submarines |
6
|
$1.8 billion
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Airborne
early warning aircraft |
4
|
$850 million
|
Direct
procurement from abroad. |
| Patrol
boats, minehunters |
12, 6
|
$700 million
|
Domestic
procurement. |
| F-16
fighter aircraft |
24
|
$500 million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Command,
control, communication and computer systems |
NA
|
$500 million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Naval
patrol aircraft and monitoring systems |
6
|
$500 million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| AS-532
Cougar helicopters |
30
|
$430 million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| SH-70
Sea Hawk naval helicopters |
8
|
$230 million
|
Direct
procurement from abroad. |
| Electronic
warfare systems for F-16 |
NA
|
$150 million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| CN-235
light transport aircraft |
9-10
|
$108-$140
million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. |
| Cargo
helicopters |
4
|
$120 million
|
Direct
procurement from abroad. |
| Unmanned
aerial vehicle systems |
23
|
$100-350
million
|
Local
production with foreign partner. 15 long range, 8 medium
range. |
| Popeye
II missile |
NA
|
$500 million
|
Joint
production with Israel. |
| F-15
aircraft |
20-40
|
$1.2-2.4
billion
|
Supplier:
US. Aircraft cost nearly $60 million each. |
| HARPOON
anti-ship missiles |
30
|
$43 million
|
Supplier:
US. |
| Small
deck aircraft carrier (capable of carrying 8-10 aircraft) |
1
|
$400
million-$2 billion
|
Direct
procurement from abroad. Not included in the $31 billion
programme. |
| CN-235
systems integrators |
NA
|
$270 million
|
|
| Penguin
air-to-surface missiles |
40
|
$40 million
|
Supplier:
Norway (Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace). |
| AGM-114KBF,
114K1 Hellfire II missiles |
60, 88
|
$24 million
|
Supplier:
US. |
| Knox
class frigates |
11
|
NA
|
US
surplus. |
| Rapier
Mk 2 surface-to-air missiles |
800
|
NA
|
Local
production with foreign partner (Matra-BAe Dynamics,
UK-France) |
| AMRAAM
AIM-120 advanced medium range air-to-air missiles,
LAU-129A/A launchers |
138,120
|
$62 million
|
Supplier:
US. |
Sources: Jane’s
Defence Weekly, Defense Link (US Department of Defense
website), Turkish Daily News, Defense News, Military
Procurement International.
POPULATION AND
ECONOMY
Table 3.1: 1996 Economic Data
for Greece, Turkey and Cyprus
| |
Greece
|
Turkey
|
Cyprus
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Gross
domestic product (GDP) annual growth rate |
2.2%
|
7%
|
4%
|
2.95%
|
| Rate
of inflation |
8.6%
|
80%
|
3.3%
|
2.63%
|
| Defence
expenditure |
$5.9 billion
|
$7 billion
|
$500 million
|
$14.4
billion
|
| Defence
expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP |
4.7%
|
3.8%
|
2.4%
|
2.2%
|
Sources:
International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military
Balance, 1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997; Stato
del Mondo 1997 (Milan: Il Saggiatore) 1996; CIA World
Factbook, 1997.
Table 3.2: 1996 Military Forces
and Population Data for Greece, Turkey and Cyprus
| |
Greece
|
Turkey
|
Cyprus
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Military
personnel |
162,300
|
639,000
|
10,000
|
169,100
|
| Population |
10,616,055
|
63,528,225
|
752,808
|
34,024,300
|
| Ratio
of military personnel to population |
1:65
|
1:99
|
1:75
|
1:201
|
Sources:
International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military
Balance, 1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997; Stato
del Mondo 1997 (Milan: Il Saggiatore) 1996; CIA World
Factbook, 1997.
Table 3.3: 1996 Economic Data
for Greek Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
| |
Greek
Cyprus
|
TRNC
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Gross
domestic product (GDP) annual growth rate |
4%
|
.5%
|
2.95%
|
| Rate
of inflation |
3.3%
|
86%
|
2.63%
|
| Defence
expenditure |
$500 million
|
NA
|
$14.4
billion
|
| Defence
expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP |
2.4%
|
NA
|
2.2%
|
Sources:
International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military
Balance, 1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997; Stato
del Mondo 1997 (Milan: Il Saggiatore) 1996; CIA World
Factbook, 1997.
Table 3.4: 1996 Military Forces
and Population Data for Greek Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
| |
Greek
Cyprus
|
TRNC
|
European
NATO Average
|
| Military
personnel |
10,000
|
4,000
|
169
|
| Population |
752,808
|
200,000
|
34,024,300
|
| Ratio
of military personnel to population |
1:75
|
1:50
|
1:201
|
Sources: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance,
1997/1998 (London: Oxford University Press) 1997; Stato del
Mondo 1997 (Milan: Il Saggiatore) 1996; CIA World Factbook,
1997.
Return
to BASIC Paper #29 |
